Financial Barriers to International Trade in North Dakota

International Relations/Trade,

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN NORTH DAKOTA

The U. S. biodiesel industry is rapidly expanding due to energy production concerns, environmental concerns, and recent legislation. The most common type of biodiesel in the United States is derived from soybean oil. Soybeans are a major crop in North Dakota and could easily supply a 5 million gallon per year biodiesel facility. Potential market segments of a biodiesel facility in North Dakota include agriculture, construction, and state fleet sectors based on current diesel use. However, with existing technology and no subsidy, biodiesel operation and investment costs for a North Dakota facility are not competitive with petroleum diesel. Using soybean oil prices of 17 cents to 25 cents per pound, the per gallon cost of producing diesel in southeastern North Dakota ranges between $2.02 and$2.64, while the wholesale price for regular diesel is $0.91. The cost of producing biodiesel is highly dependent on the price and availability of soybean oil. While biodiesel production technology is feasible and fairly simple, producing biodiesel in North Dakota is not economically feasible at least in the foreseeable future.biodiesel, soybeans, economic feasibility, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN NORTH DAKOTA

The U. S. biodiesel industry is rapidly expanding due to energy production concerns, environmental concerns, and recent legislation. The most common type of biodiesel in the United States is derived from soybean oil. Soybeans are a major crop in North Dakota and could easily supply a 5 million gallon per year biodiesel facility. Potential market segments of a biodiesel facility in North Dakota include agriculture, construction, and state fleet sectors based on current diesel use. However, with existing technology and no subsidy, biodiesel operation and investment costs for a North Dakota facility are not competitive with petroleum diesel. Using soybean oil prices of 17 cents to 25 cents per pound, the per gallon cost of producing diesel in southeastern North Dakota ranges between $2.02 and$2.64, while the wholesale price for regular diesel is $0.91. The cost of producing biodiesel is highly dependent on the price and availability of soybean oil. While biodiesel production technology is feasible and fairly simple, producing biodiesel in North Dakota is not economically feasible at least in the foreseeable future.biodiesel, soybeans, economic feasibility, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Financial Benchmarks of North Dakota Farm Operators: 1992 Update

Agricultural Finance, Farm Management,

Temperature Anisotropies and Distortions Induced by Hot Intracluster Gas on the Cosmic Microwave Background

The power spectrum of temperature anisotropies induced by hot intracluster gas on the cosmic background radiation is calculated. For low multipoles it remains constant while at multipoles above $l>2000$ it is exponentially damped. The shape of the radiation power spectrum is almost independent of the average intracluster gas density profile, gas evolution history or clusters virial radii; but the amplitude depends strongly on those parameters and could be as large as 20% that of intrinsic contribution. The exact value depends on the global properties of the cluster population and the evolution of the intracluster gas. The distortion on the Cosmic Microwave Background black body spectra varies in a similar manner. The ratio of the temperature anisotropy to the mean Comptonization parameters is shown to be almost independent of the cluster model and, in first approximation, depends only on the number density of clusters.Comment: 10 pages, Latex, 3 figures; to be published in Ap

A kiloparsec-scale nuclear stellar disk in the milky way as a possible explanation of the high velocity peaks in the galactic bulge

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment has measured the stellar velocities of red giant stars in the inner Milky Way. We confirm that the line of sight velocity distributions (LOSVDs) in the mid-plane exhibit a second peak at high velocities, whereas those at | b| =2^\circ do not. We use a high resolution simulation of a barred galaxy, which crucially includes gas and star formation, to guide our interpretation of the LOSVDs. We show that the data are fully consistent with the presence of a thin, rapidly rotating, nuclear disk extending to ∼1 kpc. This nuclear disk is orientated perpendicular to the bar and is likely to be composed of stars on x2 orbits. The gas in the simulation is able to fall onto such orbits, leading to stars populating an orthogonal disk

Majorana spinors and extended Lorentz symmetry in four-dimensional theory

An extended local Lorentz symmetry in four-dimensional (4D) theory is considered. A source of this symmetry is a group of general linear transformations of four-component Majorana spinors GL(4,M) which is isomorphic to GL(4,R) and is the covering of an extended Lorentz group in a 6D Minkowski space M(3,3) including superluminal and scaling transformations. Physical space-time is assumed to be a 4D pseudo-Riemannian manifold. To connect the extended Lorentz symmetry in the M(3,3) space with the physical space-time, a fiber bundle over the 4D manifold is introduced with M(3,3) as a typical fiber. The action is constructed which is invariant with respect to both general 4D coordinate and local GL(4,M) spinor transformations. The components of the metric on the 6D fiber are expressed in terms of the 4D pseudo-Riemannian metric and two extra complex fields: 4D vector and scalar ones. These extra fields describe in the general case massive particles interacting with an extra U(1) gauge field and weakly interacting with ordinary particles, i.e. possessing properties of invisible (dark) matter.Comment: 24 page

State-Level Tax Equity in North Dakota in 1986

Public Economics,

The Evolution of the Galaxy Sizes in the NTT Deep Field: a Comparison with CDM Models

The sizes of the field galaxies with I<25 have been measured in the NTT Deep Field. Intrinsic sizes have been obtained after deconvolution of the PSF with a multigaussian method. The reliability of the method has been tested using both simulated data and HST observations of the same field. The distribution of the half light radii is peaked at r_{hl} 0.3 arcsec, in good agreement with that derived from HST images at the same magnitude. An approximate morphological classification has been obtained using the asymmetry and concentration parameters. The intrinsic sizes of the galaxies are shown as a function of their redshifts and absolute magnitudes using photometric redshifts derived from the multicolor catalog. While the brighter galaxies with morphological parameters typical of the normal spirals show a flat distribution in the range r_{d}=1-6 kpc, the fainter population at 0.4<z<0.8 dominates at small sizes. To explore the significance of this behaviour, an analytical rendition of the standard CDM model for the disc size evolution has been computed. The model showing the best fit to the local luminosity function and the Tully-Fisher relation is able to reproduce at intermediate redshifts a size distribution in general agreement with the observations, although it tends to underestimate the number of galaxies fainter than M_B~ -19 with disk sizes r_d~ 1-2 kpc.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, ApJ in press, Dec 199

North Dakota Crop Production Economics in 1991

Production Economics,